{"id":110,"date":"2024-03-01T21:45:49","date_gmt":"2024-03-01T21:45:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/chinesegpt\/chapter\/adaptive-learning-systems\/"},"modified":"2024-08-16T19:29:00","modified_gmt":"2024-08-16T19:29:00","slug":"adaptive-learning-systems","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/chinesegpt\/chapter\/adaptive-learning-systems\/","title":{"raw":"\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u5b66\u4e60\u7cfb\u7edf","rendered":"\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u5b66\u4e60\u7cfb\u7edf"},"content":{"raw":"<p class=\"no-indent\">\u5047\u8bbe\u4f60\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u6b63\u5728\u505a\u9898\u5e93\u4e2d\u7684\u9898\u76ee\u3002\u60f3\u8c61\u6bcf\u4f4d\u5b66\u751f\u65c1\u8fb9\u90fd\u5750\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u89c2\u5bdf\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u627e\u5230\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u9075\u5faa\u7684\u6b65\u9aa4\u3002<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"indent\">\u201c\u5b66\u751f\u662f\u5426\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\u9047\u5230\u4e86\u56f0\u96be\uff1f\u201d<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"indent\">\u201c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u8bef\u89e3\uff1f\u201d<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"indent\">\u201c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f88\u6cae\u4e27\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u70b9\u9f13\u52b1\uff1f\u201d<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\">\u5bfc\u5e08\u4f1a\u7ed9\u51fa\u63d0\u793a\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u4ed6\u4eec\u9057\u6f0f\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"indent\">\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5b66\u751f\u89c9\u5f97\u95ee\u9898\u592a\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u611f\u5230\u65e0\u804a\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5bfc\u5e08\u4f1a\u5e03\u7f6e\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u5177\u6311\u6218\u6027\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"indent\">\u5bfc\u5e08\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u80fd\u542f\u53d1\u5b66\u751f\u63d0\u95ee\uff0c\u4f7f\u5b66\u751f\u53cd\u601d\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u3002\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u4f1a\u8ba9\u60a8\u968f\u65f6\u4e86\u89e3\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u8fdb\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_109\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"323\"]<img class=\" wp-image-106\" src=\"http:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/chinesegpt\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2024\/03\/ch4-page2-TM-robot-watching-student-1024x768.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"323\" height=\"242\" \/> \u300a\u6559\u5b66\u673a\u5668\u7684\u65e5\u8bb0\u300b\u7531 [ Ed ] \u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u6839\u636e CC BY-NC-SA 2.0 \u8bb8\u53ef\u6388\u6743\u3002\u8981\u67e5\u770b\u6b64\u8bb8\u53ef\u8bc1\u7684\u526f\u672c\uff0c\u8bf7\u8bbf\u95ee <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/2.0\/?ref=openverse\">https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/2.0\/?ref=openverse<\/a>\u3002[\/caption]\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>\u667a\u80fd\u8f85\u5bfc\u7cfb\u7edf\uff08ITS\uff09<\/strong>\u65e8\u5728\u6a21\u4eff\u8fd9\u4f4d\u5bfc\u5e08\u7684\u89d2\u8272<sup>1<\/sup>\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u5b66\u4e60\u7cfb\u7edf\uff08ALS\uff09\uff0c\u53ef\u6307\u5bfc\u5b66\u751f\u9010\u6b65\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u4f1a\u6839\u636e\u9700\u8981\u7ed9\u51fa\u63d0\u793a\u548c\u53cd\u9988\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u667a\u80fd\u8f85\u5bfc\u7cfb\u7edf\u66f4\u9002\u5408\u6570\u5b66\u7b49\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u89e3\u51b3\u601d\u8def\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u5b66\u79d1<sup>2<\/sup>\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u667a\u80fd\u8f85\u5bfc\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e5f\u5f00\u59cb\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u79d1\u76ee\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left\">\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u5b66\u4e60<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\">\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u6570\u5b57\u5de5\u5177\u548c\u7cfb\u7edf\u521b\u5efa\u4e2a\u6027\u5316\u5b66\u4e60\u8def\u5f84\u2014\u2014\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b66\u4e60\u7279\u5b9a\u5185\u5bb9\u6216\u6280\u80fd\u800c\u6267\u884c\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u5e8f\u5217\u3002\u5b66\u4e60\u8def\u5f84\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u3001\u52a3\u52bf\u548c\u5b66\u4e60\u901f\u5ea6<sup>3,4<\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"indent\">\u673a\u5668\u9002\u5e94\u4e8e\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u523020\u4e16\u7eaa50\u5e74\u4ee3\u3002\u968f\u7740\u6700\u8fd1\u6280\u672f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u6709\u4e86\u65e0\u9650\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u5b66\u4e60\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u2014\u2014\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u3001\u5b66\u4e60\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\/\u6216\u8bc4\u4f30\u5b66\u751f\u3002<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-850\" src=\"http:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/chinesegpt\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2024\/03\/CN-21.1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"589\" height=\"331\" \/>\u76ee\u524d\u5e02\u573a\u4e0a\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u5b66\u4e60\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u5236\u4f5c\u5de5\u5177\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u60a8\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u5b66\u4e60\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u800c\u65e0\u9700\u4efb\u4f55\u7f16\u7801\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u867d\u7136\u521b\u5efa\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u5b66\u4e60\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u5927\u91cf\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u4f46\u6559\u5e08\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u6539\u53d8\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8ba1\u5212\u6216\u98ce\u683c\u6765\u9002\u5e94\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u5176\u7c7b\u578b\u548c\u5f62\u5f0f\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u521b\u5efa\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u5b66\u4e60\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6280\u672f\u5343\u5dee\u4e07\u522b\u2014\u2014\u5e76\u975e\u6240\u6709\u7cfb\u7edf\u90fd\u4e00\u6837\uff01<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"indent\">\u5728\u9009\u62e9\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\uff0c\u60a8\u9700\u8981\u770b\u5b83\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u5b83\u80fd\u4f7f\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u54ea\u4e9b\u90e8\u5206\u4e2a\u6027\u5316\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u662f\u5426\u5141\u8bb8\u6559\u5e08\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9a\u5236\u3002\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5982\u9700\u8981\u4ec0\u4e48\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u591a\u5c11\u8d39\u7528\u4ee5\u53ca\u57f9\u8bad\u662f\u5426\u5305\u542b\u5728\u8d39\u7528\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left\">\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u5b66\u4e60\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7c7b\u578b<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\">\u667a\u80fd\u5bfc\u5b66\u7cfb\u7edf\uff08\u89c1\u4e0a\u6587\uff09\u662f\u4e2a\u6027\u5316\u548c\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0f\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u5bf9\u5b66\u4e60\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9e\u65f6\u8bc4\u4f30\u3002\u5728\u5fae\u89c2\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4f1a\u5728\u5b66\u751f\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u65f6\u8c03\u6574\u53cd\u9988\u3002\u5728\u5b8f\u89c2\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u51b3\u5b9a\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u5c55\u793a\u4ec0\u4e48\u95ee\u9898\u2014\u2014\u5c31\u50cfYoutube\u63a8\u8350\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u89c2\u770b\u54ea\u4e2a\u89c6\u9891\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5bfc\u5b66\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f7f\u7528\u51b3\u7b56\u6811\u4f5c\u4e3a\u63d0\u4f9b\u53cd\u9988\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u7cfb\u7edf\u5219\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u9884\u5b9a\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u6765\u8c03\u6574\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u884c\u4e3a<sup>1<\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><img class=\"wp-image-858 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/chinesegpt\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2024\/03\/CN-21.2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"412\" height=\"309\" \/><\/p>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_109\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"336\"]<img class=\" wp-image-109\" src=\"http:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/chinesegpt\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2024\/03\/ch4-page2-TM-robot-newton-1024x768.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"336\" height=\"252\" \/> \u300a\u6559\u5b66\u673a\u5668\u7684\u65e5\u8bb0\u300b\u7531 [ Ed ] \u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u6839\u636e CC BY-NC-SA 2.0 \u8bb8\u53ef\u6388\u6743\u3002\u8981\u67e5\u770b\u6b64\u8bb8\u53ef\u8bc1\u7684\u526f\u672c\uff0c\u8bf7\u8bbf\u95ee <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/2.0\/?ref=openverse\">https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/2.0\/?ref=openverse<\/a>\u3002[\/caption]\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\">\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u5b66\u4e60\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ef\u4ee5\u8d85\u8d8a\u5bfc\u5b66\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u63a2\u7d22\u6027\u5b66\u4e60\u7cfb\u7edf\u8ba9\u5b66\u751f\u63a2\u7d22\u5b66\u4e60\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u5e76\u9009\u62e9\u4ed6\u4eec\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e\u6e38\u620f\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4ee5\u6e38\u620f\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u5305\u88c5\u4e00\u5207\u3002\u5f53\u5b66\u751f\u638c\u63e1\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u4f1a\u8fdb\u5165\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ea7\u522b\u3002<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"indent\">\u65e0\u8bba\u54ea\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u5b66\u4e60\u7cfb\u7edf\u90fd\u5e94\u8be5\u4e3a\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u4ed6\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u72ec\u7acb\u5b8c\u6210\u4efb\u52a1<sup>6<\/sup>\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u9f13\u52b1\u63a8\u7406\u5e76\u652f\u6301\u51b3\u7b56\uff0c\u8fd8\u5e94\u8be5\u80fd\u591f\u5411\u6559\u5e08\u548c\u5b66\u751f\u89e3\u91ca\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u3002<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"indent\">\u5728\u9009\u62e9\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u5b66\u4e60\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u51b3\u5b9a\u662f\u5426\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\u65f6\uff0c\u4e13\u5bb6\u5efa\u8bae\u59cb\u7ec8\u4ece\u5b66\u4e60\u51fa\u53d1<sup>2<\/sup>\u3002\u8be2\u95ee\u201c\u9700\u8981\u6ee1\u8db3\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u4ec0\u4e48\u9700\u6c42\uff1f\u54ea\u79cd\u5de5\u5177\u9002\u5408\u8fd9\u9879\u5de5\u4f5c\uff1f\u5982\u4f55\u4e3a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u652f\u6301\u201d<sup>5<\/sup>\uff1f\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u77ed\u671f\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7cfb\u7edf\u5bf9\u5b66\u751f\u5b66\u4e60\u6ca1\u6709\u663e\u8457\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u6574\u4e2a\u5b66\u5e74\u6216\u66f4\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u6548\u679c\u4f1a\u66f4\u597d<sup>7<\/sup>\u3002\u5982\u679c\u60a8\u51b3\u5b9a\u4f7f\u7528\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u5b66\u4e60\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u8bf7\u51c6\u5907\u597d\u652f\u6301\u5b66\u751f\u5e76\u6307\u5bfc\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u8981\u6709\u8010\u5fc3\uff0c\u5e76\u968f\u65f6\u51c6\u5907\u5c1d\u8bd5\u3001\u5931\u8d25\u548c\u91cd\u8bd5<sup>2,5<\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\" style=\"text-align: left\"><sup>1\u00a0<\/sup>Groff, J., <em>Personalized Learning: The state of the field and future directions<\/em>, Center for curriculum redesign, 2017.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\" style=\"text-align: left\"><sup>2\u00a0<\/sup>Holmes, W., Anastopoulou S., Schaumburg, H &amp; Mavrikis, M., <em>Technology-enhanced personalised learning: untangling the evidence<\/em>, Stuttgart: Robert Bosch Stiftung, 2018.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\" style=\"text-align: left\"><sup>3\u00a0<\/sup>Taylor, D., Yeung, M., Bashet, A.Z., <em>Personalized and Adaptive Learning<\/em>, Innovative Learning Environments in STEM Higher Education pp 17\u201334, SpringerBriefs in Statistics, 2021.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\" style=\"text-align: left\"><sup>4\u00a0<\/sup>Becker, S. et al, <em>NMC Horizon Report: 2018 Higher Education Edition<\/em>, Educause, 2018.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\" style=\"text-align: left\"><sup>5\u00a0<\/sup>Feldstein, M., Hill, P., <em>Personalized Learning: What It Really Is and Why It Really Matters<\/em>, Educause Review, 2016.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\" style=\"text-align: left\"><sup>6<\/sup> Wood, D., Bruner, J., Ross, G., <em>The role of tutoring in problem-solving<\/em>, The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1976.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\" style=\"text-align: left\"><sup>7<\/sup> Alkhatlan, A., Kalita, J.K., <em>Intelligent Tutoring Systems: A Comprehensive Historical Survey with Recent Developments<\/em>, International Journal of Computer Applications 181(43):1-20, 2019.<\/p>","rendered":"<p class=\"no-indent\">\u5047\u8bbe\u4f60\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u6b63\u5728\u505a\u9898\u5e93\u4e2d\u7684\u9898\u76ee\u3002\u60f3\u8c61\u6bcf\u4f4d\u5b66\u751f\u65c1\u8fb9\u90fd\u5750\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u89c2\u5bdf\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u627e\u5230\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u9075\u5faa\u7684\u6b65\u9aa4\u3002<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u201c\u5b66\u751f\u662f\u5426\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\u9047\u5230\u4e86\u56f0\u96be\uff1f\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u201c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u8bef\u89e3\uff1f\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u201c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f88\u6cae\u4e27\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u70b9\u9f13\u52b1\uff1f\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">\u5bfc\u5e08\u4f1a\u7ed9\u51fa\u63d0\u793a\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u4ed6\u4eec\u9057\u6f0f\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5b66\u751f\u89c9\u5f97\u95ee\u9898\u592a\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u611f\u5230\u65e0\u804a\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5bfc\u5e08\u4f1a\u5e03\u7f6e\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u5177\u6311\u6218\u6027\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u5bfc\u5e08\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u80fd\u542f\u53d1\u5b66\u751f\u63d0\u95ee\uff0c\u4f7f\u5b66\u751f\u53cd\u601d\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u3002\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u4f1a\u8ba9\u60a8\u968f\u65f6\u4e86\u89e3\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u8fdb\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_109\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-109\" style=\"width: 323px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-106\" src=\"http:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/chinesegpt\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2024\/03\/ch4-page2-TM-robot-watching-student-1024x768.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"323\" height=\"242\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/chinesegpt\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2024\/03\/ch4-page2-TM-robot-watching-student-1024x768.png 1024w, https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/chinesegpt\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2024\/03\/ch4-page2-TM-robot-watching-student-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/chinesegpt\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2024\/03\/ch4-page2-TM-robot-watching-student-768x576.png 768w, https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/chinesegpt\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2024\/03\/ch4-page2-TM-robot-watching-student-1536x1152.png 1536w, https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/chinesegpt\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2024\/03\/ch4-page2-TM-robot-watching-student-65x49.png 65w, https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/chinesegpt\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2024\/03\/ch4-page2-TM-robot-watching-student-225x169.png 225w, https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/chinesegpt\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2024\/03\/ch4-page2-TM-robot-watching-student-350x263.png 350w, https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/chinesegpt\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2024\/03\/ch4-page2-TM-robot-watching-student.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 323px) 100vw, 323px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-109\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u300a\u6559\u5b66\u673a\u5668\u7684\u65e5\u8bb0\u300b\u7531 [ Ed ] \u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u6839\u636e CC BY-NC-SA 2.0 \u8bb8\u53ef\u6388\u6743\u3002\u8981\u67e5\u770b\u6b64\u8bb8\u53ef\u8bc1\u7684\u526f\u672c\uff0c\u8bf7\u8bbf\u95ee <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/2.0\/?ref=openverse\">https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/2.0\/?ref=openverse<\/a>\u3002<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>\u667a\u80fd\u8f85\u5bfc\u7cfb\u7edf\uff08ITS\uff09<\/strong>\u65e8\u5728\u6a21\u4eff\u8fd9\u4f4d\u5bfc\u5e08\u7684\u89d2\u8272<sup>1<\/sup>\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u5b66\u4e60\u7cfb\u7edf\uff08ALS\uff09\uff0c\u53ef\u6307\u5bfc\u5b66\u751f\u9010\u6b65\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u4f1a\u6839\u636e\u9700\u8981\u7ed9\u51fa\u63d0\u793a\u548c\u53cd\u9988\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u667a\u80fd\u8f85\u5bfc\u7cfb\u7edf\u66f4\u9002\u5408\u6570\u5b66\u7b49\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u89e3\u51b3\u601d\u8def\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u5b66\u79d1<sup>2<\/sup>\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u667a\u80fd\u8f85\u5bfc\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e5f\u5f00\u59cb\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u79d1\u76ee\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left\">\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u5b66\u4e60<\/h3>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u6570\u5b57\u5de5\u5177\u548c\u7cfb\u7edf\u521b\u5efa\u4e2a\u6027\u5316\u5b66\u4e60\u8def\u5f84\u2014\u2014\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b66\u4e60\u7279\u5b9a\u5185\u5bb9\u6216\u6280\u80fd\u800c\u6267\u884c\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u5e8f\u5217\u3002\u5b66\u4e60\u8def\u5f84\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u3001\u52a3\u52bf\u548c\u5b66\u4e60\u901f\u5ea6<sup>3,4<\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u673a\u5668\u9002\u5e94\u4e8e\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u523020\u4e16\u7eaa50\u5e74\u4ee3\u3002\u968f\u7740\u6700\u8fd1\u6280\u672f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u6709\u4e86\u65e0\u9650\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u5b66\u4e60\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u2014\u2014\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u3001\u5b66\u4e60\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\/\u6216\u8bc4\u4f30\u5b66\u751f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-850\" src=\"http:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/chinesegpt\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2024\/03\/CN-21.1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"589\" height=\"331\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/chinesegpt\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2024\/03\/CN-21.1.png 4253w, https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/chinesegpt\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2024\/03\/CN-21.1-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/chinesegpt\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2024\/03\/CN-21.1-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/chinesegpt\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2024\/03\/CN-21.1-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/chinesegpt\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2024\/03\/CN-21.1-1536x864.png 1536w, https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/chinesegpt\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2024\/03\/CN-21.1-2048x1152.png 2048w, https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/chinesegpt\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2024\/03\/CN-21.1-65x37.png 65w, https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/chinesegpt\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2024\/03\/CN-21.1-225x127.png 225w, https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/chinesegpt\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2024\/03\/CN-21.1-350x197.png 350w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 589px) 100vw, 589px\" \/>\u76ee\u524d\u5e02\u573a\u4e0a\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u5b66\u4e60\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u5236\u4f5c\u5de5\u5177\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u60a8\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u5b66\u4e60\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u800c\u65e0\u9700\u4efb\u4f55\u7f16\u7801\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u867d\u7136\u521b\u5efa\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u5b66\u4e60\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u5927\u91cf\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u4f46\u6559\u5e08\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u6539\u53d8\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8ba1\u5212\u6216\u98ce\u683c\u6765\u9002\u5e94\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u5176\u7c7b\u578b\u548c\u5f62\u5f0f\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u521b\u5efa\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u5b66\u4e60\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6280\u672f\u5343\u5dee\u4e07\u522b\u2014\u2014\u5e76\u975e\u6240\u6709\u7cfb\u7edf\u90fd\u4e00\u6837\uff01<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u5728\u9009\u62e9\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\uff0c\u60a8\u9700\u8981\u770b\u5b83\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u5b83\u80fd\u4f7f\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u54ea\u4e9b\u90e8\u5206\u4e2a\u6027\u5316\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u662f\u5426\u5141\u8bb8\u6559\u5e08\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9a\u5236\u3002\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5982\u9700\u8981\u4ec0\u4e48\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u591a\u5c11\u8d39\u7528\u4ee5\u53ca\u57f9\u8bad\u662f\u5426\u5305\u542b\u5728\u8d39\u7528\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left\">\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u5b66\u4e60\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7c7b\u578b<\/h3>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">\u667a\u80fd\u5bfc\u5b66\u7cfb\u7edf\uff08\u89c1\u4e0a\u6587\uff09\u662f\u4e2a\u6027\u5316\u548c\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0f\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u5bf9\u5b66\u4e60\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9e\u65f6\u8bc4\u4f30\u3002\u5728\u5fae\u89c2\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4f1a\u5728\u5b66\u751f\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u65f6\u8c03\u6574\u53cd\u9988\u3002\u5728\u5b8f\u89c2\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u51b3\u5b9a\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u5c55\u793a\u4ec0\u4e48\u95ee\u9898\u2014\u2014\u5c31\u50cfYoutube\u63a8\u8350\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u89c2\u770b\u54ea\u4e2a\u89c6\u9891\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5bfc\u5b66\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f7f\u7528\u51b3\u7b56\u6811\u4f5c\u4e3a\u63d0\u4f9b\u53cd\u9988\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u7cfb\u7edf\u5219\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u9884\u5b9a\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u6765\u8c03\u6574\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u884c\u4e3a<sup>1<\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-858 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/chinesegpt\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2024\/03\/CN-21.2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"412\" height=\"309\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/chinesegpt\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2024\/03\/CN-21.2.png 2268w, https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/chinesegpt\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2024\/03\/CN-21.2-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/chinesegpt\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2024\/03\/CN-21.2-1024x768.png 1024w, https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/chinesegpt\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2024\/03\/CN-21.2-768x576.png 768w, https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/chinesegpt\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2024\/03\/CN-21.2-1536x1152.png 1536w, https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/chinesegpt\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2024\/03\/CN-21.2-2048x1536.png 2048w, https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/chinesegpt\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2024\/03\/CN-21.2-65x49.png 65w, https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/chinesegpt\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2024\/03\/CN-21.2-225x169.png 225w, https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/chinesegpt\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2024\/03\/CN-21.2-350x263.png 350w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 412px) 100vw, 412px\" \/><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_109\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-109\" style=\"width: 336px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-109\" src=\"http:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/chinesegpt\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2024\/03\/ch4-page2-TM-robot-newton-1024x768.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"336\" height=\"252\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/chinesegpt\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2024\/03\/ch4-page2-TM-robot-newton-1024x768.png 1024w, https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/chinesegpt\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2024\/03\/ch4-page2-TM-robot-newton-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/chinesegpt\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2024\/03\/ch4-page2-TM-robot-newton-768x576.png 768w, https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/chinesegpt\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2024\/03\/ch4-page2-TM-robot-newton-1536x1152.png 1536w, https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/chinesegpt\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2024\/03\/ch4-page2-TM-robot-newton-65x49.png 65w, https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/chinesegpt\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2024\/03\/ch4-page2-TM-robot-newton-225x169.png 225w, https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/chinesegpt\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2024\/03\/ch4-page2-TM-robot-newton-350x263.png 350w, https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/chinesegpt\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2024\/03\/ch4-page2-TM-robot-newton.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 336px) 100vw, 336px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-109\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u300a\u6559\u5b66\u673a\u5668\u7684\u65e5\u8bb0\u300b\u7531 [ Ed ] \u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u6839\u636e CC BY-NC-SA 2.0 \u8bb8\u53ef\u6388\u6743\u3002\u8981\u67e5\u770b\u6b64\u8bb8\u53ef\u8bc1\u7684\u526f\u672c\uff0c\u8bf7\u8bbf\u95ee <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/2.0\/?ref=openverse\">https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/2.0\/?ref=openverse<\/a>\u3002<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u5b66\u4e60\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ef\u4ee5\u8d85\u8d8a\u5bfc\u5b66\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u63a2\u7d22\u6027\u5b66\u4e60\u7cfb\u7edf\u8ba9\u5b66\u751f\u63a2\u7d22\u5b66\u4e60\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u5e76\u9009\u62e9\u4ed6\u4eec\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e\u6e38\u620f\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4ee5\u6e38\u620f\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u5305\u88c5\u4e00\u5207\u3002\u5f53\u5b66\u751f\u638c\u63e1\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u4f1a\u8fdb\u5165\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ea7\u522b\u3002<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u65e0\u8bba\u54ea\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u5b66\u4e60\u7cfb\u7edf\u90fd\u5e94\u8be5\u4e3a\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u4ed6\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u72ec\u7acb\u5b8c\u6210\u4efb\u52a1<sup>6<\/sup>\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u9f13\u52b1\u63a8\u7406\u5e76\u652f\u6301\u51b3\u7b56\uff0c\u8fd8\u5e94\u8be5\u80fd\u591f\u5411\u6559\u5e08\u548c\u5b66\u751f\u89e3\u91ca\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u3002<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u5728\u9009\u62e9\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u5b66\u4e60\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u51b3\u5b9a\u662f\u5426\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\u65f6\uff0c\u4e13\u5bb6\u5efa\u8bae\u59cb\u7ec8\u4ece\u5b66\u4e60\u51fa\u53d1<sup>2<\/sup>\u3002\u8be2\u95ee\u201c\u9700\u8981\u6ee1\u8db3\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u4ec0\u4e48\u9700\u6c42\uff1f\u54ea\u79cd\u5de5\u5177\u9002\u5408\u8fd9\u9879\u5de5\u4f5c\uff1f\u5982\u4f55\u4e3a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u652f\u6301\u201d<sup>5<\/sup>\uff1f\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u77ed\u671f\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7cfb\u7edf\u5bf9\u5b66\u751f\u5b66\u4e60\u6ca1\u6709\u663e\u8457\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u6574\u4e2a\u5b66\u5e74\u6216\u66f4\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u6548\u679c\u4f1a\u66f4\u597d<sup>7<\/sup>\u3002\u5982\u679c\u60a8\u51b3\u5b9a\u4f7f\u7528\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u5b66\u4e60\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u8bf7\u51c6\u5907\u597d\u652f\u6301\u5b66\u751f\u5e76\u6307\u5bfc\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u8981\u6709\u8010\u5fc3\uff0c\u5e76\u968f\u65f6\u51c6\u5907\u5c1d\u8bd5\u3001\u5931\u8d25\u548c\u91cd\u8bd5<sup>2,5<\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\" style=\"text-align: left\"><sup>1\u00a0<\/sup>Groff, J., <em>Personalized Learning: The state of the field and future directions<\/em>, Center for curriculum redesign, 2017.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\" style=\"text-align: left\"><sup>2\u00a0<\/sup>Holmes, W., Anastopoulou S., Schaumburg, H &amp; Mavrikis, M., <em>Technology-enhanced personalised learning: untangling the evidence<\/em>, Stuttgart: Robert Bosch Stiftung, 2018.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\" style=\"text-align: left\"><sup>3\u00a0<\/sup>Taylor, D., Yeung, M., Bashet, A.Z., <em>Personalized and Adaptive Learning<\/em>, Innovative Learning Environments in STEM Higher Education pp 17\u201334, SpringerBriefs in Statistics, 2021.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\" style=\"text-align: left\"><sup>4\u00a0<\/sup>Becker, S. et al, <em>NMC Horizon Report: 2018 Higher Education Edition<\/em>, Educause, 2018.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\" style=\"text-align: left\"><sup>5\u00a0<\/sup>Feldstein, M., Hill, P., <em>Personalized Learning: What It Really Is and Why It Really Matters<\/em>, Educause Review, 2016.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\" style=\"text-align: left\"><sup>6<\/sup> Wood, D., Bruner, J., Ross, G., <em>The role of tutoring in problem-solving<\/em>, The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1976.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\" style=\"text-align: left\"><sup>7<\/sup> Alkhatlan, A., Kalita, J.K., <em>Intelligent Tutoring Systems: A Comprehensive Historical Survey with Recent Developments<\/em>, International Journal of Computer Applications 181(43):1-20, 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