{"id":180,"date":"2025-10-01T23:30:46","date_gmt":"2025-10-01T23:30:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/japanese\/chapter\/cookies-and-fingerprinting\/"},"modified":"2025-10-31T08:49:43","modified_gmt":"2025-10-31T08:49:43","slug":"cookies-and-fingerprinting","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/japanese\/chapter\/cookies-and-fingerprinting\/","title":{"raw":"\u30af\u30c3\u30ad\u30fc\u3068\u30d5\u30a3\u30f3\u30ac\u30fc\u30d7\u30ea\u30f3\u30c8","rendered":"\u30af\u30c3\u30ad\u30fc\u3068\u30d5\u30a3\u30f3\u30ac\u30fc\u30d7\u30ea\u30f3\u30c8"},"content":{"raw":"[caption id=\"attachment_178\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"322\"]<img class=\" wp-image-178\" src=\"http:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/japanese\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2025\/10\/chaddhttpcookie-300x151.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"322\" height=\"162\" \/> \u300cHTTP Cookie\u300d by Harmil \u306f CC BY SA 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class=\"indent\">\u73fe\u5728\u3001\u30af\u30c3\u30ad\u30fc\u6280\u8853\u306f\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u306e\u30a4\u30f3\u30bf\u30fc\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30d6\u30e9\u30a6\u30b6\u306b\u7d44\u307f\u8fbc\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u30022016\u5e74\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u306b\u3088\u308c\u3070\u3001\u5927\u534a\u306e\u30b5\u30fc\u30c9\u30d1\u30fc\u30c6\u30a3\u304c\u30af\u30c3\u30ad\u30fc\u540c\u671f\u3092\u884c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u308f\u304b\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u300c\u4e0a\u4f4d50\u793e\u306e\u3046\u306145\u793e\u3001\u4e0a\u4f4d100\u793e\u306e\u3046\u306185\u793e\u3001\u4e0a\u4f4d200\u793e\u306e\u3046\u3061157\u793e\u3001\u4e0a\u4f4d1000\u793e\u306e\u3046\u3061460\u793e\u300d\u306e\u30b5\u30fc\u30c9\u30d1\u30fc\u30c6\u30a3\u304c\u7570\u306a\u308b\u30bd\u30fc\u30b9\u304b\u3089\u30af\u30c3\u30ad\u30fc\u3092\u540c\u671f\u3057\u3066\u30e6\u30fc\u30b6\u30fc\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u307e\u3068\u3081\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059<sup>4<\/sup>\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001Google\u306f80\uff05\u306e\u30a6\u30a7\u30d6\u30b5\u30a4\u30c8\u3092\u6a2a\u65ad\u3057\u3066\u30e6\u30fc\u30b6\u30fc\u3092\u8ffd\u8de1\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u30d7\u30e9\u30a4\u30d0\u30b7\u30fc\u3068\u81ea\u5f8b\u6027\u3078\u306e\u8105\u5a01\u3092\u9ad8\u3081\u3001\u76e3\u8996\u3068\u30e2\u30cb\u30bf\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0\u3092\u5f37\u5316\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059<sup>5<\/sup><sup>6<\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"indent\">\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u304c\u516c\u8868\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3068\u3001\u4e16\u8ad6\u306e\u6012\u308a\u3092\u8cb7\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002DoNotTrackMe\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u30af\u30c3\u30ad\u30fc\u3092\u30d6\u30ed\u30c3\u30af\u3059\u308b\u30d6\u30e9\u30a6\u30b6\u30d7\u30e9\u30b0\u30a4\u30f3\u304c\u5e83\u304f\u666e\u53ca\u3057\u3001\u30a4\u30f3\u30bf\u30fc\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30d6\u30e9\u30a6\u30b6\u306f\u30af\u30c3\u30ad\u30fc\u306e\u30d6\u30ed\u30c3\u30af\u3084\u524a\u9664\u6a5f\u80fd\u3092\u5099\u3048\u59cb\u3081\u307e\u3057\u305f<sup>2<\/sup>\u3002Apple\u3084Google\u306a\u3069\u306e\u4f01\u696d\u306f\u3001\u30b5\u30fc\u30c9\u30d1\u30fc\u30c6\u30a3\u30af\u30c3\u30ad\u30fc\u306e\u4f7f\u7528\u3092\u505c\u6b62\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u7981\u6b62\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u7d04\u675f\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f<sup>1<\/sup>\u3002\u30aa\u30f3\u30e9\u30a4\u30f3\u30bf\u30fc\u30b2\u30c6\u30a3\u30f3\u30b0\u306b\u306f\u3001\u30af\u30c3\u30ad\u30fc\u306b\u4ee3\u308f\u3063\u3066\u3088\u308a\u6c38\u7d9a\u7684\u306a\u8ffd\u8de1\u6280\u8853\u304c\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"indent\">\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001Adobe\u306eFlash\u30d7\u30ec\u30fc\u30e4\u30fc\u306b\u4fdd\u5b58\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u30af\u30c3\u30ad\u30fc\u306b\u4f3c\u305f\u30d5\u30a1\u30a4\u30eb\u306f\u3001\u4ed6\u306e\u30af\u30c3\u30ad\u30fc\u304c\u524a\u9664\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5f8c\u3082\u6b8b\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306f\u3001FlashBlock<sup>2<\/sup>\u306a\u3069\u306e\u30a2\u30d7\u30ea\u3092\u30a4\u30f3\u30b9\u30c8\u30fc\u30eb\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u30d6\u30ed\u30c3\u30af\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002\u8ffd\u8de1\u6280\u8853\u306b\u306f\u3001\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u306e\u30d6\u30ed\u30c3\u30ad\u30f3\u30b0\u30c4\u30fc\u30eb\u3067\u306f\u691c\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3001\u3055\u307e\u3056\u307e\u306a\u30d5\u30a3\u30f3\u30ac\u30fc\u30d7\u30ea\u30f3\u30c6\u30a3\u30f3\u30b0\u306a\u3069\u3001\u3088\u308a\u6c38\u7d9a\u7684\u306a\u30c4\u30fc\u30eb\u304c\u5b9f\u88c5\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059<sup>4<\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_178\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-250\" src=\"http:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/japanese\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2025\/10\/chadd-fingerprint.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"168\" \/> \u300c\u6307\u7d0b\u30b9\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u300dby Daniel Aleksandersen \u306f CC0 1.0 \u306e\u4e0b\u3067\u30e9\u30a4\u30bb\u30f3\u30b9\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u306e\u30e9\u30a4\u30bb\u30f3\u30b9\u306e\u30b3\u30d4\u30fc\u3092\u898b\u308b\u306b\u306f\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/deed.en\">https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/deed.en<\/a>\u3092\u8a2a\u554f\u3057\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u3002[\/caption]\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\">\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u306e\u30c7\u30d0\u30a4\u30b9\u3084\u30b5\u30fc\u30d3\u30b9\uff08\u30b3\u30f3\u30d4\u30e5\u30fc\u30bf\u3001\u96fb\u8a71\u3001\u30c7\u30d0\u30a4\u30b9\u30b9\u30d4\u30fc\u30ab\u30fc\u306a\u3069\uff09\u304c\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u51e6\u7406\u3057\u3001\u4ed6\u306e\u30e6\u30fc\u30b6\u30fc\u306e\u30c7\u30d0\u30a4\u30b9\u3068\u306f\u308f\u305a\u304b\u306b\u7570\u306a\u308b\u51fa\u529b\u3092\u63d0\u4f9b\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30a2\u30a4\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u7570\u306a\u308b\u6280\u8853\u304c\u7d44\u307f\u5408\u308f\u3055\u308c\u3066\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u306e\u30aa\u30f3\u30e9\u30a4\u30f3\u30a2\u30a4\u30c7\u30f3\u30c6\u30a3\u30c6\u30a3\u304c\u4f5c\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3068\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306f\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u56fa\u6709\u306e\u30d5\u30a3\u30f3\u30ac\u30fc\u30d7\u30ea\u30f3\u30c8\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u5f97\u307e\u3059<sup>4<\/sup>\u3002\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u306e\u30c7\u30d0\u30a4\u30b9\u306eIP\u30a2\u30c9\u30ec\u30b9\u3001\u30a4\u30fc\u30b5\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u3084Wifi\u30a2\u30c9\u30ec\u30b9\uff08WebRTC\u30d9\u30fc\u30b9\u306e\u30d5\u30a3\u30f3\u30ac\u30fc\u30d7\u30ea\u30f3\u30c6\u30a3\u30f3\u30b0\uff09\u3001\u30cf\u30fc\u30c9\u30a6\u30a7\u30a2\u3068\u30bd\u30d5\u30c8\u30a6\u30a7\u30a2\u306b\u3088\u308b\u97f3\u58f0\u30d5\u30a1\u30a4\u30eb\u306e\u518d\u751f\u3059\u308b\u65b9\u6cd5\uff08AudioContext\u30d5\u30a3\u30f3\u30ac\u30fc\u30d7\u30ea\u30f3\u30c6\u30a3\u30f3\u30b0\uff09\u3001\u3055\u3089\u306b\u306f\u30d0\u30c3\u30c6\u30ea\u30fc\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u60c5\u5831\u307e\u3067\u3082\u304c\u3001\u30aa\u30f3\u30e9\u30a4\u30f3\u4e0a\u3067\u306e\u8ffd\u8de1\u3092\u7dad\u6301\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u9577\u671f\u7684\u30fb\u77ed\u671f\u7684\u8b58\u5225\u5b50\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059<sup>7,<\/sup><sup>4<\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\" style=\"text-align: left\"><sup>1<\/sup> Kant, T., <em>Identity, Advertising, and Algorithmic Targeting: Or How (Not) to Target Your \"Ideal User\",<\/em> MIT Case Studies in Social and Ethical Responsibilities of Computing, 2021.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\" style=\"text-align: left\"><sup>2<\/sup> Schneier, B., <em>Data and Goliath : the Hidden Battles to Collect Your Data and Control Your World, W.W. Norton &amp; Company, <\/em>New York, 2015.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\" style=\"text-align: left\"><sup>3 <\/sup>Barocas, S.,\u00a0 Hardt, M., Narayanan, A.,\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/fairmlbook.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fairness and machine learning Limitations and Opportunities<\/a>, <\/em>2022.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\" style=\"text-align: left\"><sup>4 <\/sup>Englehardt, S., Narayanan, A.,\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/webtransparency.cs.princeton.edu\/webcensus\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Online Tracking: A 1-million-site Measurement and Analysis<\/a><\/em>, Extended version of paper, ACM CCS, 2016.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\" style=\"text-align: left\"><sup>5\u00a0<\/sup>Libert, T., <a href=\"https:\/\/ijoc.org\/index.php\/ijoc\/article\/view\/3646\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Exposing the Invisible Web: An Analysis of Third-Party HTTP Requests on 1 Million Websites<\/em><\/a>, International Journal of Communication, v. 9, p. 18, Oct. 2015.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\" style=\"text-align: left\"><sup>6 <\/sup>Tavani, H., Zimmer, M., <em><a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/archives\/fall2020\/entries\/ethics-search\/\">Search Engines and Ethics<\/a><\/em>, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Fall 2020 Edition, Edward N. Zalta (ed.).<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\" style=\"text-align: left\"><sup>7\u00a0<\/sup>Olejnik, L., Acar, G., Castelluccia, C., Diaz, C., <em>The leaking battery<\/em>, Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2015\/616, 2015.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_178\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-178\" style=\"width: 322px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-178\" src=\"http:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/japanese\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2025\/10\/chaddhttpcookie-300x151.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"322\" height=\"162\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/japanese\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2025\/10\/chaddhttpcookie-300x151.png 300w, https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/japanese\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2025\/10\/chaddhttpcookie-65x33.png 65w, https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/japanese\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2025\/10\/chaddhttpcookie-225x114.png 225w, https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/japanese\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2025\/10\/chaddhttpcookie-350x177.png 350w, https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/japanese\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2025\/10\/chaddhttpcookie.png 408w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 322px) 100vw, 322px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-178\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u300cHTTP Cookie\u300d by Harmil \u306f CC BY SA \u306e\u4e0b\u3067\u30e9\u30a4\u30bb\u30f3\u30b9\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u306e\u30e9\u30a4\u30bb\u30f3\u30b9\u306e\u30b3\u30d4\u30fc\u3092\u898b\u308b\u306b\u306f\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/2.0\/\">https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/2.0\/<\/a>\u3092\u8a2a\u554f\u3057\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u3002<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">\u30af\u30c3\u30ad\u30fc\u3068\u306f\u3001\u30b3\u30f3\u30d4\u30e5\u30fc\u30bf\u306b\u4fdd\u5b58\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5c0f\u3055\u306a\u30d5\u30a1\u30a4\u30eb\u3067\u3001\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u30a6\u30a7\u30d6\u30b5\u30a4\u30c8\u4e0a\u3067\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306e\u30e6\u30fc\u30b6\u30fc\u756a\u53f7\u304c\uff03745673\u3067\u3042\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3084\u3001\u597d\u307f\u306e\u60c5\u5831\u306a\u3069\u3092\u30a6\u30a7\u30d6\u30d6\u30e9\u30a6\u30b6\u306b\u4f1d\u3048\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u30af\u30c3\u30ad\u30fc\u306f\u3001\u540c\u3058\u30b5\u30a4\u30c8\u3092\u8a2a\u308c\u308b\u305f\u3073\u306b\u8a00\u8a9e\u3084\u4f4d\u7f6e\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u6307\u5b9a\u3057\u76f4\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3001\u30b7\u30e7\u30c3\u30d4\u30f3\u30b0\u30ab\u30fc\u30c8\u306e\u30a2\u30a4\u30c6\u30e0\u3092\u5931\u3063\u305f\u308a\u3001\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30e0\u3092\u4e00\u304b\u3089\u8a18\u5165\u3057\u76f4\u3055\u306a\u304f\u3066\u3082\u6e08\u3080\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3068\u8003\u6848\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u6280\u8853\u306e\u521d\u671f\u6bb5\u968e\u3067\u306f\u3001\u30af\u30c3\u30ad\u30fc\u306f\u53ce\u96c6\u3067\u304d\u308b\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u5236\u5fa1\u6a29\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f<sup>1,2<\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u3001\u4f01\u696d\u306f\u3001\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u304c\u4f55\u3092\u30af\u30ea\u30c3\u30af\u3057\u305f\u308a\u8cfc\u5165\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u50be\u5411\u304c\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u30af\u30c3\u30ad\u30fc\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u5229\u7528\u3057\u3066\u628a\u63e1\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u6c17\u3065\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u5e83\u544a\u306f\u8868\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u30da\u30fc\u30b8\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u500b\u4eba\u306e\u597d\u307f\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\uff08\u884c\u52d5\u30bf\u30fc\u30b2\u30c6\u30a3\u30f3\u30b0\uff09\u8868\u793a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059<sup>1<\/sup>\u3002\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3001\u4f01\u696d\u306f\u4ed6\u306e\u4f01\u696d\u306e\u30a6\u30a7\u30d6\u30b5\u30a4\u30c8\u306b\u81ea\u793e\u306e\u30af\u30c3\u30ad\u30fc\u3092\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u30e6\u30fc\u30b6\u30fc\u3092\u3088\u308a\u5bc6\u63a5\u306b\u8ffd\u8de1\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u30b5\u30fc\u30c9\u30d1\u30fc\u30c6\u30a3\u30fc\u30af\u30c3\u30ad\u30fc\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u7279\u6a29\u306e\u5bfe\u4fa1\u3068\u3057\u3066\u30db\u30b9\u30c8\u30b5\u30a4\u30c8\u306b\u5831\u916c\u3092\u652f\u6255\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u3046\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5e83\u544a\u304c\u30a6\u30a7\u30d6\u30b5\u30a4\u30c8\u3092\u8d8a\u3048\u3066\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u3092\u8ffd\u8de1\u3059\u308b\u6642\u4ee3\u304c\u59cb\u307e\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3001\u96fb\u5b50\u30e1\u30fc\u30ebID\u3084\u30af\u30ec\u30b8\u30c3\u30c8\u30ab\u30fc\u30c9\u756a\u53f7\u306a\u3069\u3092\u5229\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u4f01\u696d\u306f\u7570\u306a\u308b\u8b58\u5225\u756a\u53f7\u3092\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u30e6\u30fc\u30b6\u30fc\u306b\u7d10\u3065\u3051\u3001\u305d\u306e\u884c\u52d5\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u3088\u308a\u8a73\u7d30\u306a\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u5f97\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f<em>\u30af\u30c3\u30ad\u30fc\u540c\u671f<\/em>\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3082\u3061\u308d\u3093\u3001\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u884c\u52d5\u30d7\u30ed\u30d5\u30a1\u30a4\u30eb\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u304c\u7d44\u307f\u5408\u308f\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3001\u30e6\u30fc\u30b6\u30fc\u306b\u306f\u77e5\u308b\u8853\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u3053\u308c\u306b\u52a0\u3048\u3066\u3001\u6a5f\u68b0\u5b66\u7fd2\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u304c\u30e6\u30fc\u30b6\u30fc\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306e\u5206\u6790\u306b\u6d3b\u7528\u3055\u308c\u59cb\u3081\u3001\u7537\u6027\u3001\u5973\u6027\u3001\u9ed2\u4eba\u3001\u30e8\u30fc\u30ed\u30c3\u30d1\u4eba\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u300c\u3046\u3064\u75c5\u306b\u306a\u308a\u3084\u3059\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u30e9\u30d9\u30eb\u304c\u5272\u308a\u5f53\u3066\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f<sup>1<\/sup>\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u30e9\u30d9\u30eb\u306f\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u306e\u30a2\u30a4\u30c7\u30f3\u30c6\u30a3\u30c6\u30a3\u3068\u306f\u95a2\u4fc2\u304c\u306a\u304f\u3001\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u81ea\u8eab\u306e\u884c\u52d5\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u3068\u6700\u3082\u3088\u304f\u4f3c\u305f\u904e\u53bb\u306e\u30e6\u30fc\u30b6\u30fc\u306e\u884c\u52d5\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u30e9\u30d9\u30eb\u306f\u3001\u88fd\u54c1\u3001\u4f4f\u5b85\u3001\u6c42\u4eba\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u8ca9\u58f2\u3059\u308b\u4f01\u696d\u306b\u58f2\u5374\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u30e9\u30d9\u30eb\u3092\u6301\u3064\u30e6\u30fc\u30b6\u30fc\u306b\u306f\u3042\u308b\u5e83\u544a\u304c\u8868\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3001\u7570\u306a\u308b\u30aa\u30f3\u30e9\u30a4\u30f3\u884c\u52d5\u3092\u6301\u3064\u5225\u306e\u30e6\u30fc\u30b6\u30fc\u306b\u306f\u540c\u3058\u30a6\u30a7\u30d6\u30da\u30fc\u30b8\u4e0a\u3067\u5168\u304f\u7570\u306a\u308b\u5e83\u544a\u304c\u8868\u793a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3001\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u4ed5\u4e8b\u306b\u5fdc\u52df\u3057\u3001\u3069\u306e\u5730\u57df\u306e\u5bb6\u3092\u8cfc\u5165\u3057\u3001\u3072\u3044\u3066\u306f\u5b50\u4f9b\u305f\u3061\u304c\u3069\u306e\u5b66\u6821\u306b\u901a\u3046\u304b\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3065\u3051\u308b\u8981\u56e0\u3068\u3082\u306a\u308a\u5f97\u307e\u3059<sup>3<\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u73fe\u5728\u3001\u30af\u30c3\u30ad\u30fc\u6280\u8853\u306f\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u306e\u30a4\u30f3\u30bf\u30fc\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30d6\u30e9\u30a6\u30b6\u306b\u7d44\u307f\u8fbc\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u30022016\u5e74\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u306b\u3088\u308c\u3070\u3001\u5927\u534a\u306e\u30b5\u30fc\u30c9\u30d1\u30fc\u30c6\u30a3\u304c\u30af\u30c3\u30ad\u30fc\u540c\u671f\u3092\u884c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u308f\u304b\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u300c\u4e0a\u4f4d50\u793e\u306e\u3046\u306145\u793e\u3001\u4e0a\u4f4d100\u793e\u306e\u3046\u306185\u793e\u3001\u4e0a\u4f4d200\u793e\u306e\u3046\u3061157\u793e\u3001\u4e0a\u4f4d1000\u793e\u306e\u3046\u3061460\u793e\u300d\u306e\u30b5\u30fc\u30c9\u30d1\u30fc\u30c6\u30a3\u304c\u7570\u306a\u308b\u30bd\u30fc\u30b9\u304b\u3089\u30af\u30c3\u30ad\u30fc\u3092\u540c\u671f\u3057\u3066\u30e6\u30fc\u30b6\u30fc\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u307e\u3068\u3081\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059<sup>4<\/sup>\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001Google\u306f80\uff05\u306e\u30a6\u30a7\u30d6\u30b5\u30a4\u30c8\u3092\u6a2a\u65ad\u3057\u3066\u30e6\u30fc\u30b6\u30fc\u3092\u8ffd\u8de1\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u30d7\u30e9\u30a4\u30d0\u30b7\u30fc\u3068\u81ea\u5f8b\u6027\u3078\u306e\u8105\u5a01\u3092\u9ad8\u3081\u3001\u76e3\u8996\u3068\u30e2\u30cb\u30bf\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0\u3092\u5f37\u5316\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059<sup>5<\/sup><sup>6<\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u304c\u516c\u8868\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3068\u3001\u4e16\u8ad6\u306e\u6012\u308a\u3092\u8cb7\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002DoNotTrackMe\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u30af\u30c3\u30ad\u30fc\u3092\u30d6\u30ed\u30c3\u30af\u3059\u308b\u30d6\u30e9\u30a6\u30b6\u30d7\u30e9\u30b0\u30a4\u30f3\u304c\u5e83\u304f\u666e\u53ca\u3057\u3001\u30a4\u30f3\u30bf\u30fc\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30d6\u30e9\u30a6\u30b6\u306f\u30af\u30c3\u30ad\u30fc\u306e\u30d6\u30ed\u30c3\u30af\u3084\u524a\u9664\u6a5f\u80fd\u3092\u5099\u3048\u59cb\u3081\u307e\u3057\u305f<sup>2<\/sup>\u3002Apple\u3084Google\u306a\u3069\u306e\u4f01\u696d\u306f\u3001\u30b5\u30fc\u30c9\u30d1\u30fc\u30c6\u30a3\u30af\u30c3\u30ad\u30fc\u306e\u4f7f\u7528\u3092\u505c\u6b62\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u7981\u6b62\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u7d04\u675f\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f<sup>1<\/sup>\u3002\u30aa\u30f3\u30e9\u30a4\u30f3\u30bf\u30fc\u30b2\u30c6\u30a3\u30f3\u30b0\u306b\u306f\u3001\u30af\u30c3\u30ad\u30fc\u306b\u4ee3\u308f\u3063\u3066\u3088\u308a\u6c38\u7d9a\u7684\u306a\u8ffd\u8de1\u6280\u8853\u304c\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001Adobe\u306eFlash\u30d7\u30ec\u30fc\u30e4\u30fc\u306b\u4fdd\u5b58\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u30af\u30c3\u30ad\u30fc\u306b\u4f3c\u305f\u30d5\u30a1\u30a4\u30eb\u306f\u3001\u4ed6\u306e\u30af\u30c3\u30ad\u30fc\u304c\u524a\u9664\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5f8c\u3082\u6b8b\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306f\u3001FlashBlock<sup>2<\/sup>\u306a\u3069\u306e\u30a2\u30d7\u30ea\u3092\u30a4\u30f3\u30b9\u30c8\u30fc\u30eb\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u30d6\u30ed\u30c3\u30af\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002\u8ffd\u8de1\u6280\u8853\u306b\u306f\u3001\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u306e\u30d6\u30ed\u30c3\u30ad\u30f3\u30b0\u30c4\u30fc\u30eb\u3067\u306f\u691c\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3001\u3055\u307e\u3056\u307e\u306a\u30d5\u30a3\u30f3\u30ac\u30fc\u30d7\u30ea\u30f3\u30c6\u30a3\u30f3\u30b0\u306a\u3069\u3001\u3088\u308a\u6c38\u7d9a\u7684\u306a\u30c4\u30fc\u30eb\u304c\u5b9f\u88c5\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059<sup>4<\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_178\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-178\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-250\" src=\"http:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/japanese\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2025\/10\/chadd-fingerprint.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"168\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-178\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u300c\u6307\u7d0b\u30b9\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u300dby Daniel Aleksandersen \u306f CC0 1.0 \u306e\u4e0b\u3067\u30e9\u30a4\u30bb\u30f3\u30b9\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u306e\u30e9\u30a4\u30bb\u30f3\u30b9\u306e\u30b3\u30d4\u30fc\u3092\u898b\u308b\u306b\u306f\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/deed.en\">https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/deed.en<\/a>\u3092\u8a2a\u554f\u3057\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u3002<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u306e\u30c7\u30d0\u30a4\u30b9\u3084\u30b5\u30fc\u30d3\u30b9\uff08\u30b3\u30f3\u30d4\u30e5\u30fc\u30bf\u3001\u96fb\u8a71\u3001\u30c7\u30d0\u30a4\u30b9\u30b9\u30d4\u30fc\u30ab\u30fc\u306a\u3069\uff09\u304c\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u51e6\u7406\u3057\u3001\u4ed6\u306e\u30e6\u30fc\u30b6\u30fc\u306e\u30c7\u30d0\u30a4\u30b9\u3068\u306f\u308f\u305a\u304b\u306b\u7570\u306a\u308b\u51fa\u529b\u3092\u63d0\u4f9b\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30a2\u30a4\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u7570\u306a\u308b\u6280\u8853\u304c\u7d44\u307f\u5408\u308f\u3055\u308c\u3066\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u306e\u30aa\u30f3\u30e9\u30a4\u30f3\u30a2\u30a4\u30c7\u30f3\u30c6\u30a3\u30c6\u30a3\u304c\u4f5c\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3068\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306f\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u56fa\u6709\u306e\u30d5\u30a3\u30f3\u30ac\u30fc\u30d7\u30ea\u30f3\u30c8\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u5f97\u307e\u3059<sup>4<\/sup>\u3002\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u306e\u30c7\u30d0\u30a4\u30b9\u306eIP\u30a2\u30c9\u30ec\u30b9\u3001\u30a4\u30fc\u30b5\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u3084Wifi\u30a2\u30c9\u30ec\u30b9\uff08WebRTC\u30d9\u30fc\u30b9\u306e\u30d5\u30a3\u30f3\u30ac\u30fc\u30d7\u30ea\u30f3\u30c6\u30a3\u30f3\u30b0\uff09\u3001\u30cf\u30fc\u30c9\u30a6\u30a7\u30a2\u3068\u30bd\u30d5\u30c8\u30a6\u30a7\u30a2\u306b\u3088\u308b\u97f3\u58f0\u30d5\u30a1\u30a4\u30eb\u306e\u518d\u751f\u3059\u308b\u65b9\u6cd5\uff08AudioContext\u30d5\u30a3\u30f3\u30ac\u30fc\u30d7\u30ea\u30f3\u30c6\u30a3\u30f3\u30b0\uff09\u3001\u3055\u3089\u306b\u306f\u30d0\u30c3\u30c6\u30ea\u30fc\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u60c5\u5831\u307e\u3067\u3082\u304c\u3001\u30aa\u30f3\u30e9\u30a4\u30f3\u4e0a\u3067\u306e\u8ffd\u8de1\u3092\u7dad\u6301\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u9577\u671f\u7684\u30fb\u77ed\u671f\u7684\u8b58\u5225\u5b50\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059<sup>7,<\/sup><sup>4<\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\" style=\"text-align: left\"><sup>1<\/sup> Kant, T., <em>Identity, Advertising, and Algorithmic Targeting: Or How (Not) to Target Your &#8220;Ideal User&#8221;,<\/em> MIT Case Studies in Social and Ethical Responsibilities of Computing, 2021.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\" style=\"text-align: left\"><sup>2<\/sup> Schneier, B., <em>Data and Goliath : the Hidden Battles to Collect Your Data and Control Your World, W.W. Norton &amp; Company, <\/em>New York, 2015.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\" style=\"text-align: left\"><sup>3 <\/sup>Barocas, S.,\u00a0 Hardt, M., Narayanan, A.,\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/fairmlbook.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fairness and machine learning Limitations and Opportunities<\/a>, <\/em>2022.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\" style=\"text-align: left\"><sup>4 <\/sup>Englehardt, S., Narayanan, A.,\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/webtransparency.cs.princeton.edu\/webcensus\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Online Tracking: A 1-million-site Measurement and Analysis<\/a><\/em>, Extended version of paper, ACM CCS, 2016.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\" style=\"text-align: left\"><sup>5\u00a0<\/sup>Libert, T., <a href=\"https:\/\/ijoc.org\/index.php\/ijoc\/article\/view\/3646\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Exposing the Invisible Web: An Analysis of Third-Party HTTP Requests on 1 Million Websites<\/em><\/a>, International Journal of Communication, v. 9, p. 18, Oct. 2015.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\" style=\"text-align: left\"><sup>6 <\/sup>Tavani, H., Zimmer, M., <em><a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/archives\/fall2020\/entries\/ethics-search\/\">Search Engines and Ethics<\/a><\/em>, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Fall 2020 Edition, Edward N. Zalta (ed.).<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\" style=\"text-align: left\"><sup>7\u00a0<\/sup>Olejnik, L., Acar, G., Castelluccia, C., Diaz, C., <em>The leaking battery<\/em>, Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2015\/616, 2015.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"menu_order":9,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[49],"contributor":[],"license":[],"part":165,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/japanese\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/180"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/japanese\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/japanese\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/japanese\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/japanese\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/180\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":690,"href":"https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/japanese\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/180\/revisions\/690"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/japanese\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/165"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/japanese\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/180\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/japanese\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=180"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/japanese\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=180"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/japanese\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=180"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aiopentext.itd.cnr.it\/japanese\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=180"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}